Background: It has been suggested that nutrition might play a role in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, dietary patterns associated with MS risk are unknown. This study was conducted to compare the dietary patterns of patients with MS and healthy controls to find the relationship between dietary patterns and MS.Methods: Usual dietary intake of 75 women with relapsing/remitting MS (RRMS) and 75 healthy controls were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire consisting of 168 food items. To define major dietary patterns, we used factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of MS.Results: Traditional pattern (high in low-fat dairy products, red meat, vegetable oil, onion, whole grain, soy, refined grains, organ meats, coffee, and legumes) was inversely related to the risk of MS [odds ratio (OR) =0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.18; P=0.028]. A similar inverse relationship was noted between MS risk and lacto-vegetarian (high in nuts, fruits, French fries, coffee, sweets and desserts, vegetables, and high-fat dairy products) and vegetarian (high in green leafy vegetables, hydrogenated fats, tomato, yellow vegetables, fruit juices, onion, and other vegetables) patterns (OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.12-0.82; P=0.018 and OR=0.42; 95% CI: 0.19-0.90; P=0.026, respectively). In contrast, the prevalence of MS was higher in those who had high animal fat dietary pattern (high in animal fats, potato, meat products, sugars, and hydrogenated fats and low in whole grains) (OR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.63-2.94; P<0.005).Conclusion: Our findings showed that the risk of RRMS can be affected by major dietary patterns.

Background: Fuzzy logic, a mathematical approach, defines the percentage of desirability for recommended amount of food groups and describes the range of intakes, from deficiency to excess.Objectives: The purpose of this research was to find the best fuzzy dietary pattern that constraints energy and nutrients by the iterative algorithm.Materials and Methods: An index is derived that reflects how closely the diet of an individual meets all the nutrient requirements set by the dietary reference intake. Fuzzy pyramid pattern was applied for the energy levels from 1000 to 4000 Kcal which estimated the range of recommended servings for seven food groups including fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, milk, oils, fat and added sugar.Results: The optimum (lower attention – upper attention) recommended servings per day for fruits, vegetables, grain, meat, dairy, and oils of the 2000 kcal diet were 4.06 (3.75-4.25), 6.69 (6.25-7.00), 5.69 (5.75-6.25), 4.94 (4.5-5.2), 2.75 (2.50-3.00), and 2.56 (2.5-2.75), respectively. The fuzzy pattern met most recommended nutrient intake levels except for potassium and vitamin E, which were estimated at 98% and 69% of the dietary reference intake, respectively.Conclusions: Using fuzzy logic provides an elegant mathematical solution for finding the optimum point of food groups in dietary pattern.

Background & aim: Dietary patterns have dramatically changed in all age groups, especially the teenagers in the Iranian population. It was needed to identify the prevalence of dietary patterns and its determinants in this age group. Health behavior is one factor that influence dietary patterns and self-efficacy is a strong factor for behavior improvement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the relationship between dietary patterns and the status of self-efficacy induced dietary behaviors in teenage girl students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 236 teenage girl students selected by cluster random sampling method in Mashhad, Iran, in 2016. Frequency food questionnaire and self-efficacy questionnaire were used to evaluate dietary patterns and dietary self-efficacy of each participant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16) with unpaired t-test, Chi-square or Fisher’ s exact test. Results: The prevalence of unhealthy dietary patterns was obtained as 65. 3%. Overall levels of high, moderate, and low self-efficacy were 35. 8%, 56. 9%, and 7. 3%, respectively. The mean score of dietary self-efficacy was higher in the group with healthy dietary patterns, compared to the group with unhealthy dietary patterns (14. 12± 4. 25 Vs 13. 88± 4. 71 respectively); however, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Considering the high rate of unhealthy dietary patterns and undesirable status of dietary self-efficacy of teenagers, special attention of policymakers is needed for promotion of healthy dietary patterns and dietary self-efficacy in teenagers. It is recommended to carry out experimental studies to identify the effect of dietary self-efficacy on dietary patterns.

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) and adenomas. Background: Dietary patterns have been shown to be associated with risk of CRC, but there are a few data on this context and its relationship with risk of colorectal adenomas as the precursors of the CRC. Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was conducted in three major general hospitals in Tehran province, Iran. Data was collected (October 2016 to May 2018) from 129 colorectal cancer and 130 colorectal adenoma patients that confirmed by pathology and colonoscopy findings and 240 controls with non-neoplastic conditions and not afflicted with diet related chronic diseases. Dietary data were evaluated by 147-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenoma. Results: Three dietary patterns (healthy, western and traditional) were derived. After adjusting for confounders, the Healthy dietary pattern was associated with a decreased risk of Colorectal Cancer (OR=0. 22, 95% CI=0. 14-0. 37) and Colorectal Adenoma (OR=0. 43, 95% CI=0. 27-0. 69). Higher intake of the Westernized pattern was positively associated with risk of Colorectal Cancer (OR=3. 5, 95% CI=2. 13-5. 19) and Colorectal Adenoma (OR=2. 47, 95% CI=1. 49-4. 08). There was no significant association between traditional pattern and the Colorectal Cancer (OR=99, 95% CI=0. 61-1. 59) and Colorectal Adenoma (OR=0. 85, 95% CI=0. 54-1. 35) risk. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the “ Healthy” dietary pattern reduces the risk of Colorectal Cancer and Colorectal Adenoma, while the “ Western” dietary pattern increases the risk of both Colorectal Cancer and Colorectal Adenoma.

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the causes of mortality and high-risk pregnancies that endangers the health of mothers in the developing countries. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the nutritional pattern in women with preeclampsia. Methods: The current cross sectional study was conducted on 182 pregnant women (82 patients with preeclampsia and 100 healthy subjects) selected using easy sampling in Fasa Vali-e-Asr Hospital in 2016. The dietary intake was evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the intensity of day-night activities by a physical activity questionnaire. Anthropometric indicators were calculated according to standard guidelines, measurement, and body mass index. Dietary patterns were characterized by a factor analysis and its relationship with preeclampsia was investigated by logistic regression method. Results: Two unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns were identified among individuals. In the crude model and after adjusting the effect of confounding variables of unhealthy dietary patterns, no significant relationship was observed between dietary pattern and preeclampsia. In the fourth compare to the first quartile of the healthy dietary pattern, the chance of preeclampsia was 0. 219 (95% CI: 0. 090-0. 528, P = 0. 001) crude model and 0. 178 (95% CI: 0. 059-0. 530, P = 0. 002) adjusted model. Conclusions: The findings indicated that choosing a healthy dietary pattern was associated with a reduction in the risk of preeclampsia. Regarding these results, prevention of preeclampsia maybe possible by the healthy diet recommendation. The occurrence of complications in the mother, the fetus, and the baby in the future can also be prevented through the same way.